SEA-SPRAY

THE TEST

September 1950: the U.S. Navy sprays bacteria over San Francisco from a ship offshore to see how far a biological attack would spread.

Operation Sea-Spray released Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii into the fog off the Golden Gate. Monitors showed the whole city was exposed.

Days later, eleven patients at Stanford hospital in San Francisco developed rare Serratia infections. One of them, Edward Nevin, died.

The Army disclosed the tests to the Senate in 1977.

The record

• Congressional Record, 1977 — Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects

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